| Hardness | Concentration of calcium and magnesium salts in water. Hardness originally referred to the soap-consuming power of water; as such it is sometimes also taken to include iron and manganese. "Permanent hardness" also known as "noncarbonated hardness " is the excess of hardness over alkalinity. "Temporary hardness" also known as "carbonated hardness" is equal or less than the alkalinity. Permanent hardness can cause boiler or pipe scale and failure of reverse osmosis membranes. |