{{GeneticsBox}}
{{:Ryanodine receptor 2}}
[[Category:Genes]]

<noinclude>
{{biochemistryBox|||Cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor-calcium release channel, cardiac muscle-type ryanodine receptor, RYR-2, RyR2, hRYR-2}}
[[Category:Membrane proteins]]
[[Category:Ryanodine receptors]]
[[Category: Receptor proteins]]
</noinclude>
The [[ryanodine receptor 2]] is a 4967 amino acid peptide coded by the gene [[RYR2]] at 1q42.1-q43. Mutations cause:
* [[Familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia type 2]] (ARVD2, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 2, ARVC2).
* [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia type 1]] (CPVT1, stress-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, VTSIP)

{{SubjectBox}}
[[Category:Receptor proteins]]
The ryanodine receptor family of homotetramer multi-pass membrane proteins that have calcium release channel activity.

{{GeneticsBox|||RYDR}}
{{:Ryanodine receptor 1}}
[[Category:Genes]]

#redirect[[Malignant hyperpyrexia]]
[[Category:Anaesthetics]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

<noinclude>
{{biochemistryBox|||Skeletal muscle calcium release channel, skeletal muscle-type ryanodine receptor, RYR-1, RyR1}}
[[Category:Membrane proteins]]
[[Category:Ryanodine receptors]]
</noinclude>
The [[ryanodine receptor 1]], a calcium release channel, is a very large peptide at 5038 amino acids coded by the gene [[RYR1]]. Mutations cause:
* [[Malignant hyperpyrexia]]
* [[Central core disease]] of muscle
* [[Multiminicore disease with external ophthalmoplegia]] (MMDO)
* [[Congenital myopathy with fiber-type disproportion]] (CFTD)

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[[Category:Vaccination]]
Vaccines are not 100% effective; and even if a vaccine were 100% effective in ideal circumstances, in the real world the vaccine programme may fail. The vaccine may not be received, or may have spoiled in transit, for example.

==Heininger et al classifications of vaccine failure==
Ulrich Heininger and colleagues have categorised vaccine failures as follows:<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=22197579 Heininger U, Bachtiar NS, Bahri P, Dana A, Dodoo A, Gidudu J, Santos EM. The concept of vaccination failure. Vaccine. 2011 Dec 21.]<small>(Epub ahead of print) </small><small>([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.048 Link to article] &ndash; subscription may be required.)</small></ref>
===Vaccine failure===
====Vaccinee-related (host-related)====
#Immunodeficiency (leading to suboptimal or even absent immune response after vaccination)
#Insufficient or suboptimal immune response (other than a defined immunodeficiency) to one or more antigenic vaccine components or vaccine strains or serotypes (e.g. non-responders or low-responders to hepatitis B vaccine).
#Age-related maturation and senescence of immune responsiveness
#Waning immunity
#Suboptimal health status (e.g. underlying disease, nutrition)
#Interference due to other infectious agents (e.g. wild type enterovirus infection causing interference with the immune response to oral poliomyelitis vaccine, OPV)
#Immunological interference (e.g. maternal antibodies, administration of immunoglobulins)
#Pre-existing infection with pathogen targeted by the vaccine (e.g. with specific HPV genotypes) or immunization during incubation period (after exposure to pathogen)
====Vaccine-related====
#Vaccine is not 100% efficacious against included antigens
#Incomplete coverage of strains, serotypes, genotypes, antigenic variants, or escape mutants that can cause a vaccine preventable disease
#Antigenic interference or other vaccine?vaccine interactions in case of co-administered vaccines
#Manufacturing-related (e.g. batch variations, quality defect)
===Failure to vaccinate===
====Usage issues====
#Administration error (wrong or suboptimal route, inadequate dose, wrong diluent)
#Vaccination series incomplete, non-compliance with recommended schedule, including lack of recommended booster vaccination(s) (?failure to vaccinate? rather than ?vaccine failure?)
#Storage-related (e.g. cold chain)
#Vaccine beyond expiry date when used
====Immunization programme-related issues====
#Suboptimal recommendations regarding number and time points of primary and/or booster vaccinations
#Shortage of vaccine leading to no or incomplete vaccination (see also ''Vaccination series incomplete'' above).

{{Refsec}}